Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis (2024)

The paper demonstrates importance of temperature influence on dehydration processes using drying model equations in introductory part and further presents results of water sorption tests of parsley leaves. Measurements were carried out under laboratory conditions in the temperature range of 10-40 °C and relative air humidity from 30 to 100%. Moisture sorption isotherms were tested using a gravimetric dynamic method with continuous recording of changes in sample weight. Five mathematical models available in the literature (Chung-Pfost, GAB, Halsey, Henderson, and Oswin) were statistical evaluated. The Henderson equation was found to be a good model both for moisture adsorption and desorption. Part of the sorption isotherms measured in parsley leaves show the type II BET classification shape. An increase in temperature causes an increase in water activity for the same moisture content and, if water activity is kept constant, an increase in temperature causes a decrease in the amount of absorbed water.

Four species of the genus Trifurcula Zeller, 1848 are described from Italy: Trifurcula (Trifurcula) aetnensis sp. n. on Genista aetnensis (Biv.) DC., T. (T.) cytisanthi sp. n. on Genista radiata (L.) Scop., both close to T. (T.) aurella Rebel, 1933; T. (T.) baldensis sp. n. on Genista radiata close to T. (T.) immundella (Zeller, 1839), and T. (T.) trasaghica sp. n. on Corothamnus decumbens (Durande) Spach similar to T. (T.) pallidella (Duponchel, 1843), but more close to T. (T.) beirnei Puplesis, 1984 and T. (T.) squamatella Stainton, 1849. Additional faunal data on the family Nepticulidae are given from Italy: 4 species are new for Italy: Stigmella irregularis Puplesis, 1994, Trifurcula thymi (Szöcs, 1965), T. ortneri (Klimesch, 1951) and T. austriaca van Nieukerken, 1990; 17 species are new for Sicily: Stigmella luteella (Stainton, 1857), S. glutinosae (Stainton, 1858), S. alnetella (Stainton, 1856), S. rolandi van Nieukerken, 1990, S. hybnerella (Hübner, 1813), S. salicis (Stainton, 1854), S. trimaculella (Haworth, 1828), S. plagicolella (Stainton, 1854), S. incognitella (Herrich-Schäffer, 1855), S. basiguttella (Heinemann, 1862), Acalyptris platani (Müller-Rutz, 1934), Trifurcula saturejae (Parenti, 1963), T. eurema (Tutt, 1899), T. subnitidella (Duponchel, 1843), T. aurella Rebel, 1933, Ectoedemia atrifrontella (Stainton, 1851) and E. gilvipennella (Klimesch, 1946).

The aim of the study is to select an optimal variant of the system of water erosion control measures. The water erosion issue was observed and evaluated in 15 blocks of special cultivations-vineyards and orchards. These blocks are situated in the managed area of the join-stock company PATRIA Kobylí. At first the average long-term loss of soil with the influence of water erosion is calculated. The universal Wischmeier-Smith equation is used for this purpose. If the calculated loss of soil exceeds the permissible value, the erosion control measures have to be suggested. The optimal variant has been selected on the bases of the evaluation of several kinds of measures in each block. This variant follows first of all the erosion control efficiency, but also demands on production as well as slope accessibility for mechanization, expensiveness and some negative sides of suggested measures. The suggested system of water erosion control measures contributes to increasing of soil fertility and production ability with the respect to landscape management and environmental protection.

Based upon analyses of the Common Agricultural Policy development and its economic tools reforming the process of changing is characterised there. It deals with the multifunctionality of agriculture as well as the influence of the CAP on environment of the production tasks of agriculture and food processing industry accomplishment. Paper generalises results of new trends of the agribusiness economic environment development and the opportunity of an effective utilization of production factors in agriculture. It deals with the sources and economic implications of partial enhancement of interest and redirection of support within framework and type of tools of agrarian policy. New quality of structure of relevant information needs and economic support for agricultural enterprises decision making process are pointed out.

This work deal with modelling of the process of drying, air flow, temperature and moisture distribution in a condensation lumber kiln. This model was made and solved in the computing system ANSYS with the use of the finite element method. There are comparationes of the 2D and 3D models, shape of wood stacks and variability of their parameters (height, width, length, cross section) in the work. The flow velocity and orientation, pressure and temperature field were observed.

Processes are regarded as a representative of all firm activities what is valid for Web-based Advisory Systems, too. Interpretation of processes from the both sides managers and informaticians is naturally different what is given by their scientific platforms and observed objectives. Managers have connected all firm processes with the firm prosperity and firm competition ability. Therefore they have followed understanding, modeling and regular improving of all processes what should stimulate and evoke using of process revisions (reengineering). The main role in such process understanding is thus committed to the firm management.
The most professional computer process implementations are dominant objectives of Informaticians. In this conception all processes have been understood as real sequences of partial transactions (elementary firm activities) and data processed by them regardless of using of a structural or object process approach modeling. The process and transaction models, submitted by informaticians, are connected with process content orientation. This content has to be programmed. The firm management represents the main resource of the process knowledge used by informaticians.
In addition to these two process conceptions there is a different approach based on a process description by a descriptive data. The descriptive data are not oriented to a process content but to its theoretical conception and real implementation. The descriptive data processing inside special algebra operations can bring a lot of very important and easily economically interpreted results.

In the LHC Obrova noha management-plan area (Municipal Forests Prostějov), peeling and browsing damage to spruce (Picea abies) caused by red deer was monitored. In total, 20 plots of an area of 25 × 25 m were monitored in stands aged 26-65 years. On the whole, 56% of 1561 trees were damaged by peeling and browsing, 82% of the damaged trees were attacked by Stereum sanguinolentum (Alb. et Schw.: Fr.) Fr. Trees in the 3^rd age class affected by rot show the highest proportion, viz 92% trees damaged by peeling. In the plots, in total 90 sample trees with the presence of rot were cut down. Peeling damage happened 6 to 41 years ago. The rot affected 10 to 94% of the sample tree stem volume (on average 39%). The volume of devalued wood is in positive correlation with a time elapsed after peeling damage (r = 0.683). The rot spread vertically through the tree stem by an average speed of 10.5 cm.year^-1 (from 1.3 to 28.1 cm.year^-1). The progress rate negatively correlated with a period elapsed after the stem damage (r = -0.723).

The particular samples were made of the steel 14 260 and were exposed to following different heat treatments - soft annealing, normalizing, heat refining and hardening. After these heat treatments the samples were exposed both laboratory tests and also field tests. The wear test particles was carried out on the device with abrasive canvas. The laboratory test was realized in room temperature and normal atmospheric pressure. Measured values were statistically and graphically analyzed and interpreted. Results of the tests confirmed our preliminary expectations that the extent of the wear would depend on the value of hardness of the used materials. The hardest structure of the hardened steel had the smallest material decrease compared to the largest decrease of the soft annealing steel.
Tested samples were fixed to a cutting edge of a ploughing aggregate which performed work in previously determined sector area. At intervals of each 400 meters there were measured decreases of weights and surfaces of the samples and consequently were evaluated and graphically interpreted relating abrasive wear of the particular samples. Also in this test the results form previous laborator test were confirmed and the smallest wear had the hardened steel samples.
On the basis of the measured values we can deduce the high importance of the right choice of the adequate material which is able to resist to the wearing process best. This decision will significantly affect not only the length of the service life of the particular parts but also the whole machinery as well as its economic operation.

The rheological behaviour of egg yolk after different storage periods and temperatures was investigated using rotational viscometer. The eggs were stored for 1, 2, 3, 4 and 8 weeks at constant temperatures: 4 °C, 8 °C, 12 °C and 16 °C. The apparent viscosity was measured as a function of shear rate. For given shearing rate, the viscosity was measured in dependence on shearing time. The decrease of viscosity with storage time is attributed to the balance of different osmotic pressure from yolk and albumen of fresh egg. The yolk (with higher dry matter then albumen) absorbs water from albumen through vitelline membrane. It was found that yolk samples exhibited shear-thinning and thixotropic behaviour. The shear-thinning behaviour was fitted well into simple models. The resting of sample at room temperature caused increase of viscosity. This effect is explained by drying off of testing yolk, the regeneration of yolk structures and changing chemical composition during resting. The time-dependant viscosity decreased rapidly with time and at lower share rates reached an equilibrium stage. The time-dependant viscosity was also found to decrease with storage time. The value of pH was changed (increased) during storing. No clear dependence between pH value and viscosity was confirmed.

In June 2004 the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision published the new capital adequacy framework commonly known as Basel II. Basel II contains international capital standards for banking organizations and will replace the relatively risk-invariant requirements in the current Basel I accord. The Committee intends Basel II to be available for implementation as of year-end 2006. The goal of this paper is to analyze the current situation in bank preparation for Basel II in the Czech Republic. For this reason a survey was done in the Czech banks in September and October 2004. Results of this survey are subject of this article. Results are separately discussed for four groups of banks (according to balance sum) - large, middle and small banks and building societies. The research is divided into three sections. The first section is concentrated on the current phase of preparation of Czech banks for Basel II. Results of this section showed that large banks are best prepared in comparison to other three groups of banks. The goal of the second section of the research was to find out how banks evaluate difficulty of activities connected with implementation of Basel II. Problems are mostly connected with changes in IT systems and lack of data. The goal of the third section was to find out which approach for calculating capital requirements on credit risk are banks most likely to adopt at the Basel implementation date. Majority of banks is most likely to adopt the Standardised approach.

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of a relatively more frequent occurrence of lower coefficients of inbreeding in a population of Holstein cattle on the exterior characters. The exterior of inbred cows (on the level of F_x = 1.56 - 4.00%) was compared with their outbreed contemporaries, i.e. half-sisters from the same father. Evaluations of the exterior of both inbred cows and contemporaries were conducted on the same day, 60-180 days after the first calving, in the same barn and using the valid mode of operation "Linear description and evaluation of the exterior of Holstein cattle". The group consisted of 212 inbred cows and 521 contemporaries. This monitoring is part of a more extensive study dealing with the effect of low levels of F_x coefficients on the characters of milk performance. On that score, the evaluations primarily include characters that are associated with milk production.
The group of inbred cows was compared with their contemporaries and the increased variability of all the evaluated characters (V_x) was studied. The increased variability was particularly due to the wider variance of characters and/or due to the more frequent occurrence of the characters, in inbred animals including both biological extremes (maximum and minimum).
Compared to the contemporaries the average values of exterior characters of inbred animals were lower. The most marked decrease in the values was detected for the fore udder attachment (0.28 points, i.e. 5.5 %) and for the total evaluation of the legs (-0.80 points, i.e. a 1.04% decrease). Although the worsening of the exterior of inbred animals involved all the characters under study, compared to the outbreed contemporaries the differences on the studied level of F_x were not statistically significant.

1879 purebred boars: Duroc (D), Hampshire (H) and Pietrain (Pn) as well as their two-crossbreds (D x H, H x D, Pn x H, H x Pn, Pn x D, D x Pn) were analysed after a living assessment completed between 1995-1998 within the area of activity of the Animal Breeding Station in Olsztyn. The standardized daily gains in body weight ranged between 594 g (H) and 628 g (Pn x D). The thinnest backfat layer was observed in Pietrain boars and their crossbred boars. The height of loin eye was the best for boars Pn and for all crossbred animals. The lean content in the body of the assessed boars ranged from 56.2% (H) to 60.0% (Pn). The highest value of selection index was found for Pn boars (124 points) and crossbred boars Pn x D and Pn x H, the lowest index value was observed for purebred H boars (109 points). The correlation coefficient between the index and daily gains range from 0.69 (P ≤ 0.01) (H) to 0.91 (P ≤ 0.01) (H x D), between the index and the height of loin eye range from 0.57 (P ≤ 0.01) (H) to 0.75 (P ≤ 0.01) (Pn) and between the index and the lean content range from 0.13 (P ≤ 0.05) (H) to 0.71 (P ≤ 0.01) (Pn).

Except for direct forms of support of agriculture, including market price support, direct payments and support of agricultural inputs, there also exist many forms of indirect support of agriculture. Within this support of general services has an important role support of agricultural research. As an inevitable precondition to evaluate efficiency of used financial sources from state budget is a quantification of benefit of agricultural research. The paper is focused on possibilities of using welfare economics instruments to quantify the benefit of agricultural research.

Mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris L.) extremely spreads on uncultivated agricultural land and expands to arable land. Three sites were chosen in the local area of Uherské Hradiště: field (arable land), balk (adjacent to arable land) and rubble heap (distant from arable land). At each site, 50 plants were selected from which mature achenes were collected in 2002 and 2003. The achenes germinated in a laboratory at a room temperature and were subjected to various germination conditions. A part of them was exposed to the temperature of - 20 °C in a freezer, the other part was stored at a room temperature. The germination was carried out either on filter paper in Petri dishes or in 30 mm layer of siliceous sand. One part of the achenes germinated in daylight, the other part in Petri dishes in the dark. The achenes cultivated in siliceous sand were covered with a 5 mm layer of the sand. The results were statistically assessed using Unistat software, analysis of variance and methods of least significant differences (LSD). Total average germinability of mugwort achenes was 67,7 %. The differences in germinability of frozen (66,7 %) and non-frozen (72,6 %) achenes were not statistically significant. Germinability of the achenes that matured in 2003 (69,9 %) was highly significantly higher than that of the achenes matured in 2002 (65,4 %). The achenes germinated highly significantly more (77,9 %) in daylight as compared with those germinated in the dark (57,4 %). Germinability of the achenes that germinated in siliceous sand was highly significantly higher (70,7 %) than of those that germinated in Petri dishes (64,7 %). Germinability of the achenes matured in the field (64,1 %) was significantly lower in comparison with the germinability of the achenes from a balk (69,7 %) and rubble heap (69,2 %). The results of germinability of the achenes that matured in a rubble heap and balk did not significantly differ.

The work was focused on problematics of annual-rings width according to position within the tree stem. Annual-ring widths, ratio of late wood and early wood by spruce with compression wood were investigated. Statistically significant differencies of individual zones in tree were occured. Zone of compression wood showed bigger width of annual-rings, common occurence of late wood and higher percentual ratio of late wood. Obtained results agree with common results in literature. Variability of annual-ring width according to position within the tree stem was confirmed. Width of annual-ring was changed mainly according to radius of stem. In height position within the stem no more significant variability of annual-ring width was observed.

The paper concentrates on capability of genetic algorithms for parameter estimation of non-linear economic models. In the paper we test the ability of genetic algorithms to estimate of parameters of demand function for durable goods and simultaneously search for parameters of genetic algorithm that lead to maximum effectiveness of the computation algorithm. The genetic algorithms connect deterministic iterative computation methods with stochastic methods. In the genteic aůgorithm approach each possible solution is represented by one individual, those life and lifes of all generations of individuals run under a few parameter of genetic algorithm. Our simulations resulted in optimal mutation rate of 15% of all bits in chromosomes, optimal elitism rate 20%. We can not set the optimal extend of generation, because it proves positive correlation with effectiveness of genetic algorithm in all range under research, but its impact is degreasing. The used genetic algorithm was sensitive to mutation rate at most, than to extend of generation. The sensitivity to elitism rate is not so strong.

Northern willowherb (Epilobium ciliatum Rafin.) is a naturalized allien species occurring almost all over the territory of the Czech Republic. Evaluation of weed vegetation by means of methodology developed by Kühn (1982) took place on selected fields located in the cadastral area of Olomouc-Holice. All in all, 1360 phytosociological relevés were recorded from 1997 to 2001, on the average, one relevé per 2,7 ha. In addition to it, the occurrence of Epilobium ciliatum was recorded within an experiment with green fallow lands at Kroměříž in 2002. Every individual plant species had been assigned data on its cover and growth phases according to the BBCH scale (an universal growth phases scale for crops and weeds, Hess et al., 1997). The frequency of occurrence of Epilobium ciliatum in cereal crops is so low that it is negligible from the economic point of view and moreover, the plant is not capable of any reproduction there. In other crops (such as sugar beet, maize or alfalfa), Epilobium ciliatum either does not occur at all or its occurrence is very rare. On arable lands, it is capable of reproducing itself in rape and caraway only. In view of the fact that the frequency of its occurrence on fallow lands was very low, we do not have available a sufficient amount of data from which a general rule governing its occurrence and cover rate could be derived. Even though the agricultural lands apparently only started to be invaded by the northern willowherb, the plant is already capable of reproducing itself to some extent, which fact is of essential importance for the increase of its significance in the future.

The paper is focused on the performance measurement of the Support and Guarantee Fund for Farmers and Forestry (SGFFF) as a main instrument of a capital reinforcement of the Czech agricultural enterprises restructuring during the last ten years. New possibilities shaped up by the CAP exercise are evaluated as well. The principles of the SGFFF function from the point of view of agricultural restructuring and regional allocation of the financial resources as well as the reason why subsidy of the supported loans' interest rates have been employed are cleared up there. Results are discussed upon an analysis of the Fund activity. According to results of the analysis, it can be claimed that the Fund has became an important part of supports for agricultural sector. From the point of view of criterions of regional allocation of financial resources there was found out the level of supports has not been derived from the different natural and soil quality. The economic results and a high level of the prospectus have been used as main criterions for the decision-making system. The activity of SGFFF continues within the State Aid in the framework of the CAP EU and so that the loans for farmers are still more available for restructuring of the Czech agriculture and improving of its competitiveness.

The paper is focused on the use of the linear constructions for developing of Engel's demand models in the field of the food-consumer demand. In the theoretical part of the paper, the linear approximations of this demand models are analysed on the bases of the linear interpolation. In the same part of this text, the hyperbolic elasticity function was defined for the linear Engel model. The behaviour of the hyperbolic elasticity function and its properties were consequently investigated too. The behaviour of the determined elasticity function was investigated according to the values of the intercept point and the direction parameter in the original linear Engel model. The obtained theoretical findings were tested using the real data of Czech Statistical Office. The developed linear Engel model was explicitly dynamised, because the achieved database was formed into the time series. With respect to the two variables definitions of the hyperbolic function in the theoretical part of the text, the determined dynamic model of the Engel demand for food was transformed into the form with parametric intercept point:
re_t^* = A_t + 0.0946 . rm_t^*,
where the values of absolute member are defined as:
A_t = 1773.0973 + 9.3064 . t - 0.3023 . t²; (t = 1, 2, ... 32).
The value of At in the parametric linear model of Engel consumer demand for food was during the observed period (1995-2002) always positive. Thus, the hyperbolic elasticity function achieved the elasticity coefficients from the interval:
η_t ∈〈+0; +1).
Within quantitative analysis of Engel demand for food in the Czech Republic during the given time period, it was founded, that income elasticity of food expenditures of the average Czech household was moved between +0.4080 and +0.4511. The Czech-household demand for food is thus income inelastic with the normal income reactions.

Sensory-evaluation was conducted on 80 chickens (ROSS 308) 36 days old. Chickens were divided into groups by course of the diet addition of Amaranth or fishmeal in basic fed diets BR1 and BR2 (addition 2% of fish meal, 10% of no-heat-treated Amaranth, 10% of heat-treated Amaranth - popping, 10% of dry mass of Amaranth). Groups were separated by sex in rearing. Totally were 8 groups of 10 chickens. It was evaluated sensory quality of breast and legs (thigh and drumstick). There were 8 members of evaluation group; evaluation was done by group of 8 members satisfied all conditions in ISO 8586-1 in special room for sensory analysis (according to ISO 8589).
It was used five-point scale (1 - at least desirable, 5 - the most desirable) in evaluation of five main (descriptors) attributes of meat (colour, texture, juiciness, odour and taste).
Breast meat texture of group of heat-treated Amaranth was evaluated even with shear-force measuring (W.B.).
The correlation coefficient was -0,91 for statistical relationship between sensorial measured texture and evaluation of the shear-force. Addition of no-heat-treated and dry mass of Amaranth had positive effect (P < 0,05) on colour (paler meat), taste and odour (more desirable) than addition of fishmeal and heat-treated Amaranth. Members of evaluation group detected moderate fish aftertaste and taste of thighs at meat, when chickens were fed by fishmeal (but without statistical variance). Beyond, variance (P < 0,05) was detected with addition of fishmeal only in compare with dry mass of Amaranth addition. This diet was evaluated as more desirable than others groups in relation to taste and odour of meat. All groups fed by Amaranth were positive evaluated in taste and odour and no group were qualify as unacceptable for consumers. Contrasts between sexes were not indicated in this age of young chickens, but only tendency to better texture and taste of the meat of pullets.

In the experiment was the effect of biological additive on the fermentation quality of crushed maize ears of two hybrids by comparing with the untreated control. The bacterial inoculant "A" contained selected bacterial strains of Lactobacillus rhamnosus (NCIMB 30121) and Enterococcus faecium (NCIMB 30122). As effective substances of bacterial water-soluble inoculant "B" were selected bacterial strains of Lactobacillus rhamnosus (NCIMB 30121), Lactobacillus plantarum (DSM 12836), Lactobacillus brevis (DSM 12835), Lactobacillus buchneri (DSM 12856), Pediococcus acidialactici (P. pentosaceus) (DSM 12834). The addition of inoculant "A" in our experiment conditions increased statistically significantly (P

The article deals with the theoretical classification of "classic" capital market securities, i.e. corporate stocks and bonds. Its aim was to make a detailed analysis of the individual types of these securities from the viewpoint of their main characteristic features, and to look for possible ways of systemizing them and distinguishing them as unambiguously as possible. As the aim of this analysis was to identify the most important and typical properties of not only corporate stocks and long-term bonds that are commonplace in investing but also of those that are rare on financial markets, the analysis was made from a global viewpoint, i.e. without regard to the individual countries' legislative conditions.
The analysis focused, above all, on looking for ways to construct the individual types of stocks and bonds and of the most important rights connected with them. Using the obtained results, these types were mutually compared and possible ways of their systemization were explored. Taking into account these facts, certain significant properties (which, however, concern all securities in general, such as "issuer type" or conditions of transferability/ways of tradeability) were intentionally abstracted.
The result of the analysis confirms the meaningfulness of certain existing theories concerning the existence of three relatively different groups of "classic" securities: common stocks, preferred stocks, and bonds. At the same time, the analysis has shown that as far as this classification is concerned, it is based mainly on the function of the securities, which means that the properties regarding their structure and legal content are covered only partially. This is also proved by making a proposal for a comprehensive systemization, which shows that on the current financial market there are many situations when (except the legal identification) it is difficult to judge from the particular properties of a security whether it is a bond or a stock, or (in the latter case) which type of stock it is. For the above-mentioned reason, the conclusion stresses the necessity to create at least partly harmonised international legislation in the given area, and presents recommendations for the establishment of the fundamental part of a harmonised system of legislation, which increasingly appears to be essential.

The rheological properties of four different ketchups were determined. The viscosity, shear rate and shear stress were measured by use of Anton Paar DV-3 P Digital Viscometer and received data can be successfully characterized by several models, primarily by Hershel - Bulkley model. The ketchup was found to be a typical time-dependent thixotropic fluid. Shear stress and viscosity decrease with time of shear. Decrease during first 300 s is more significant than later decrease. The influence of spindle speed, shear rate potentially, on a sample viscosity was observed. The viscosity was rapidly changing during low speeds. The data were compared with Carreau model. Many other dependeces (low and high shear rates, difference between mixed and rested material etc.) were observed and modelled with satisfying results. Dependence of shear stress on shear rate under two temperatures was also examined. The tendency of increasing shear stress with increasing shear rate is evident. The samples were examined under temperature 22 °C and temperature 7 °C.

Parafomoria fumanae sp. n. is described from southern France. The new species is similar to Parafomoria ladaniphila (Mendes, 1910), but very close to P. cistivora (Peyerimhoff, 1871) and P. helianthemella (Herrich-Schäffer, 1860) after its genital morphology. It differs especially by the characters on valvae, tegumen, uncus and aedeagus. Its larva is a stem miner of Fumana procumbens (Dunal) Gr. et Godr., the species is the first stem miner in the genus Parafomoria van Nieukerken, 1983.

Confrontation of first two and meanwhile last two studying programmes proves that there was devoted more hours for teaching - relationship between range of lectures and seminars with practices was 1:1. There was defined approximately 10% more of time than nowadays for stay of students in practices schools.

In the experiment, the effect of additive on the fermentation quality of lupine was examined, by comparing with the untreated control. Fresh green Lupine (Lupines lupine), variete Juno, dry matter content 187.15 g/kg at full waxy stage of maturiy were chopped to the legth of cut ca 30-50 mm. The crop was artificially wilted for a periody 24 h and ensiled as described above. Lupine were ensiled for 98 days in laboratory silos, capacity about 4 L alone or with supplementation of feed additive (5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 or 70 kg/tone forage respectively). The composition and as effective substances of this silage ingredient were dry whey (30%), maize meal (40%) and dry molases (30%). The silages fermented rapidly and changes in volatile fatty acids (VFA) production (P

A community of weeds and crops is affected by a number of factors, including, among other things, also tillage. In the years 2000-2002, the composition of weed species in rape stands was evaluated on the fields with the total area of 551 hectares (1 hectar equals to some 2.47 acres). The evaluation was carried out with the application of methodology developed by Kühn (1982). On the fields located in the cadastral area of Olomouc - Holice, which had been cultivated in a traditional manner, 115 relevés were recorded. On the fields in the cadastral area of Bohuňovice, which had been cultivated with the application of reduced tillage, 97 relevés were recorded and evaluated. All of the above fields were subjected to the application of chemical agents reducing the occurrence of weeds. The data thus received were processed by means of multidimensional analysis of ecological data with the application of a RDA method (Redundancy Analysis). In the course of three years, 75 weed species were found on the fields under conventional tillage, on the average, 8.2 species per a relevé, while 66 weed species were found during the same period of time on the fields cultivated by means of reduced tillage, on the average, 8.6 species per a relevé. The application of RDA analysis enabled us to sort out the selected species of weeds (i.e. those the frequency of occurrence of which exceeded 15 %) into three groups. The conditions provided by the conventional tillage appeared to be more satisfactory for the weed species included in the first group (Arctium tomentosum, Elytrigia repens, Helianthus tuberosus, Chenopodium album, Lolium perenne and Papaver rhoeas). The species included in the second group, i.e. Alsinula media, Apera spica-venti, Atriplex patula, Bromus sterilis, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Equisetum arvense, Fallopia convolvulus, Myosotis arvensis and Thlaspi arvense., responded to reduced tillage by the increase in cover or by increased frequency of occurrence. The third group consists of species such as: Cirsium arvense, Chamomilla recutita, Galium aparine, Lactuca serriola, Matricaria maritima, Triticum aestivum and Viola arvensis. Their cover and frequency of occurrence were in a more degree influenced by factors different from the type of tillage. The manner of tillage appears to be only one of a number of factors that affect the occurrence of weed species. It influences them together with other factors and it is a factor of polyfunctional nature.

This paper deals with forecasting of the high-frequency foreign exchange market with neural networks. The objective is to investigate some aspects of modelling with neural networks (impact of topology, size of training set and time horizon of the forecast on the performance of the network). The data used for the purpose of this paper contain 15-minute time series of US dollar against other major currencies, Japanese Yen, British Pound and Euro. The results show, that performance of the network in terms of correct directorial change is negatively influenced by increasing number of hidden neurons and decreasing size of training set. The performance of the network is influenced by sampling frequency.

Toxicity of Cr^VI is a basic problem of chromate conversion layers. This paper refers to regulation EU, which limit occurrence Cr^VI. Purpose of experiment is alert to alternative anticorrosive inhibitors without Cr^VI. Alternative inhibitors are on the base Cr^III. These inhibitors protect probably similar mechanism as chromans with Cr^VI.

Changes in the colostrum nutritive value were studied in dairy cows of the Czech Red Pied x Holstein (n = 10) from the 2nd to 72nd hour post partum. Of them, five and five animals were in the first and the second (or higher) lactation, respectively. Dry matter (DM) content ranged from 20.37 to 13.78% (mean value 15.61%). Within the first 12 and 72 hours after parturition, the shares of crude protein in DM were more than 60% (14.33 - 9.71%) and nearly 50% (6.34 - 4.06%; mean 5.61%), respectively. Milk fat made one quarter (2.29 - 5.16%; mean 3.72%) and lactose approximately 22% (2.74 - 3.93%; mean 3.43%) of DM content, respectively.